WHO Global Scale of Early Development (GSED) v2

Multinational (LMIC) · World Health Organization · 2018 (data through 2023)

WHO's open-access developmental scale built on harmonised data from seven low- and middle-income countries.

Directly-administered developmental scale, harmonised across nine countries; motor windows from the WHO Motor Development Study.

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The shape of WHO Global Scale of Early Development (GSED) v2

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birth1yr2yr3yrMoves in response when a caregiver interacts with them. · 0–3moKicks both legs and waves both arms on their own. · 0–3moKeeps the head steady when gently pulled up to sit. · 0–3moMakes vocal noises. · 0–3moShows a reaction when someone talks to them. · 0–3moSmiles back at another person. · 0–3moLaughs aloud. · 0–3moSettles down when comforted by a caregiver. · 0–3moMakes sounds back when someone talks to them. · 0–3moLooks steadily at something. · 0–3moReacts to a noise. · 0–3moRaises the head partway while lying on the tummy. · 3–6moPushes the head, shoulders, and chest up while on the tummy. · 3–6moBrings both hands together near the face. · 3–6moBrings an item to the mouth to investigate it. · 3–6moExtends a hand toward something they want. · 3–6moGets a firm hold on a bigger object. · 3–6moHolds the head steady while being supported. · 3–6moStays seated when an adult or cushion helps support them. · 3–6moTries to keep an item when someone attempts to take it. · 3–6moNotices a tiny object nearby. · 3–6moStays upright in sitting alone for a brief moment. · 3–6moRemains seated without support for a short time. · 3–6moTakes an object up from the floor. · 3–6moTurns over from lying on the back to lying on the tummy. · 3–6moSits steadily on their own. · 3–6moScoops up a small item using several fingers. · 3–6moRotates their body while lying or playing on the floor. · 3–6moGets from lying down into a sitting position. · 3–6moBears weight on the feet while holding on or being held. · 3–6moReaches for another item while already handling one. · 3–6moWatches and tracks something moving from side to side. · 3–6moPlays by handling a cup and spoon. · 3–6moShows interest in causing a noise. · 3–6moStays seated upright without being held. · 3.8–9.2moStands while supported by a person or object. · 4.8–11.4moCrawls forward on hands and knees. · 5.2–13.5moTakes steps while being supported. · 5.9–13.7moTurns toward the person speaking. · 6–9moBabbles during play. · 6–9moTurns the head toward something that has dropped. · 6–9moShows they notice when a person is unfamiliar. · 6–9moMoves a cup aside to get a block. · 6–9moFinds a toy hidden under a cloth. · 6–9moStands upright without support. · 6.9–16.9moWalks without help. · 8.2–17.6moMoves across the floor by crawling. · 9–12moUses support to pull themself up onto their feet. · 9–12moMoves an item from one hand into the other. · 9–12moPicks up a tiny item using the thumb and one finger. · 9–12moTakes steps while holding one adult hand. · 9–12moSays the same sound parts again and again. · 9–12moPulls a string to bring an object closer. · 9–12moPicks up a cup using its handle. · 9–12moDrops a block into a cup. · 9–12moHits two objects together. · 9–12moPresses or pats a toy to make it sound. · 9–12moUses a crayon to leave marks. · 9–12moPlaces at least three blocks into a cup. · 9–12moPuts blocks into a jar. · 9–12moPlaces a peg back into its hole. · 9–12moMakes any kind of scribble. · 9–12moTakes a third block while still holding the others. · 9–12moUses objects appropriately during solo pretend or practical play. · 9–12moHandles a drinking cup with good control. · 9–12moHolds a crayon with the fingers instead of the whole fist. · 9–12moDoes an action again when encouraged. · 9–12moStays standing alone for at least five seconds after being placed upright. · 12–15moPlays by handing an item back and forth. · 12–15moTakes several independent steps. · 12–15moWalks independently. · 12–15moRuns in an early, unsteady way and may tumble. · 12–15moUses body movements such as pointing or waving to express needs. · 12–15moBabbles in short strings of two to four sound parts. · 12–15moResponds when asked to do something simple. · 12–15moBends down and returns to standing without falling. · 15–18moUses one clear word with meaning. · 15–18moShows understanding when warned to be careful or stop. · 15–18moCopies easy words after hearing them. · 15–18moDoes one simple action when told. · 15–18moPoints to two named pictures. · 15–18moTips a jar over to empty out the blocks. · 15–18moStacks two blocks into a tower. · 15–18moFits pegs into a board within two minutes. · 15–18moLets go of a ball on purpose. · 18–21moFinds two familiar objects when they are named. · 18–21moFinds five familiar objects when they are named. · 18–21moShows one named piece of clothing. · 18–21moStacks three blocks into a tower. · 18–21moRuns smoothly and with control. · 21–24moShows three named clothing items. · 21–24moPoints to at least one named body part. · 21–24moPoints out five pictures in a book. · 21–24moFinds a hidden object when it is moved between two cups. · 21–24moKicks a still ball while standing in place. · 24–27moPays attention to a story being shared. · 24–27moCompletes two simple directions given together. · 24–27moCombines two words into a short sentence. · 24–27moNames four pictures. · 24–27moSays at least five understandable words. · 24–27moFits two shapes into the matching board spaces. · 24–27moFits three shapes into the board within two minutes. · 24–27moUses objects in play with another person. · 24–27moPairs pictures that are the same or go together. · 27–30moNames five familiar objects. · 27–30moMakes round scribbles on paper. · 27–30moStacks six blocks into a tower. · 27–30moShows understanding of having just one item. · 27–30moFits three shapes into a turned board within two minutes. · 27–30moRuns up to a ball and kicks it with good control. · 27–33moGets up from kneeling without pushing with the hands. · 30–33moUses phrases with more than one word. · 30–33moTalks in sentences that others can understand. · 30–33moTells what three or more familiar objects are for. · 30–33moBuilds a truck shape using blocks. · 30–33moHops forward three times on one foot. · 33–36moJumps with both feet leaving the ground together. · 33–36moJumps across the narrow side of a sheet of paper. · 33–36moWalks along a line placing each heel in front of the other toes. · 33–36moThrows a beanbag so it lands on a piece of cloth. · 33–36moBalances on one foot for up to five seconds. · 33–36moTakes six or more steps on tiptoe. · 33–36moRises from sitting to standing without using the hands. · 33–36moBalances on one foot for more than five seconds. · 33–36moTosses a ball upward and catches it again. · 33–36moPoints to a named part within a whole object or picture. · 33–36moSays their own first name. · 33–36moNames ten familiar objects. · 33–36moShows understanding of the word "more". · 33–36moIdentifies at least two colors when named. · 33–36moKnows what familiar objects are used for. · 33–36moSays the names of at least two colors. · 33–36moIdentifies five pictures showing actions. · 33–36moRecognizes at least two named shapes. · 33–36moTalks comfortably about things that happened during the day. · 33–36moTells what is happening in a picture. · 33–36moAnswers a question in a way that makes sense. · 33–36moSorts items into groups by type. · 33–36moMatches three colors correctly. · 33–36moShows understanding when something is described as faster. · 33–36moNames five actions. · 33–36moCopies a tapping pattern using two blocks. · 33–36moCopies a tapping pattern using four blocks. · 33–36moCopies a tapping pattern using eight blocks. · 33–36moTwists a jar lid off and back on. · 33–36moUses one object or action to stand for something else in play. · 33–36moFits three shapes into the board within fifteen seconds. · 33–36moCopies an activity that has two steps or parts. · 33–36moFits pegs into a board within thirty seconds. · 33–36moDraws a line going side to side. · 33–36moShows understanding of wanting or having an extra amount. · 33–36moCopies a block bridge after seeing one made. · 33–36moChooses the longest stick correctly in all three tries. · 33–36moDraws a circle after seeing one. · 33–36moBuilds a wall shape with blocks. · 33–36moShows understanding of big and small. · 33–36moUnderstands position words such as in, on, or under. · 33–36moDraws a plus-shaped cross after seeing one. · 33–36moCounts at least three objects. · 33–36moDraws a square after seeing one. · 33–36moDraws a simple person with three parts. · 33–36moco-emergence peak · 3–9mo
Domain:
WHO GSED v2 · 161 milestones · sorted by entry month, earliest at bottom

WHO GSED v2 milestones (161)

Grouped by domain · by age

Motor (49)

Language/Communication (52)

Cognitive/Adaptive (54)

Gross motor development (6)

About WHO Global Scale of Early Development (GSED) v2

What is WHO GSED?

The Global Scales for Early Development (GSED) is the World Health Organization's open-access measure of early child development. It was built so that a single instrument could describe how children grow across very different countries and cultures, rather than exporting one nation's expectations everywhere. The item bank was harmonised from existing developmental tools across nine countries and then re-calibrated into one common scale.

For Learning Curve, GSED matters because it is a global, empirically-normed reference: for each observable behaviour, the scale gives an age at which children typically show it, grounded in international data rather than a local checklist.

How it is structured

The Long Form organises items into three broad streams — Motor, Language / Communication, and Cognitive / Adaptive — spanning birth to about three years. Each item is a single observable behaviour, and each carries an age of attainment estimated by item-response modelling (van Buuren and colleagues, 2021).

Sitting alongside GSED here are the six gross-motor milestones from the WHO Motor Development Study — sitting, standing, crawling, and walking — each with the published first-to-ninety-ninth percentile window. These are the motor timings that anchor the rest of the picture.

Why it is in Learning Curve

GSED is one of the normative sources Learning Curve uses to place a milestone on the timeline. It is a clinical outcome measure — it describes what children do, not what a setting should teach — so it contributes an international developmental floor that curriculum frameworks alone cannot. Voice activities are not yet linked to these items; that authoring follows later.

Methodology & sources

Citation

World Health Organization (2023). Global Scales for Early Development (GSED) package v1.0. Geneva: WHO. Motor windows: WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group (2006), Acta Paediatr Suppl 450:86–95. IRT calibration: van Buuren S. et al. (2021).

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